References

• 1 Dying in America: Improving Quality and Honoring Individual Preferences Near the End of Life. Institute of Medicine Committee on Approaching Death: Addressing Key End of Life Issues, 2014 (online). www.iom.edu/Reports/2014/Dying-In-America-Improving-Quality-and-Honoring-Individual-Preferences-Near-the-End-of-Life.aspx (Last accessed November 5, 2014). Google Scholar
• 2 Rao JK, Anderson LA, Lin F, et al.: Completion of advance directives among U.S. consumers. Am J Prev Med 2014;46:65–70. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 3 Silveira MJ, Wiitala W, Piette P: Advance directive completion by elderly Americans: A decade of change. J Am Geriatr Soc 2014;62:706–710. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 4 Teno JM, Gruneir A, Schwartz Z, et al.: Association between advance directives and quality of end-of-life care: A national study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007;55:189–194. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 5 Frahm KA, Brown LM, Hyer K: Racial disparities in receipt of hospice services among nursing home residents. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2015;32:233–237. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 6 Smith AK, McCarthy EP, Paulk E, et al.: Racial and ethnic differences in advance care planning among patients with cancer: Impact of terminal illness acknowledgment, religiousness, and treatment preferences. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:4131–4137. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 7 Kwak J, Haley WE: Current research findings on end-of-life decision making among racially or ethnically diverse groups. Gerontologist 2005;45:634–641. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 8 Hickman RLJr, Pinto MD: Advance directives lessen the decisional burden of surrogate decision-making for the chronically critically ill. J Clin Nurs 2014;23:756–765. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 9 West SK, Hollis M: Barriers to completion of advance care directives among African Americans ages 25–84: A cross-generational study. Omega (Westport) 2012;65:125–137. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 10 Johnson KS, Kuchibhatla M, Tulsky JA: What explains racial differences in the use of advance directives and attitudes toward hospice care? J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56:1953–1958. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 11 Ko E, Lee J: Completion of advance directives among low-income older adults: Does race/ethnicity matter? Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2014;31:247–253. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 12 Jonnalagadda S, Lin JJ, Nelson JE, et al.: Racial and ethnic differences in beliefs about lung cancer care. Chest 2012;142: 1251–1258. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 13 Bergamo C, Lin JJ, Smith C, et al.: Evaluating beliefs associated with late-stage lung cancer presentation in minorities. J Thorac Oncol 2013;8:12–18. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 14 Barnato AE, Anthony DL, Skinner J, et al.: Racial and ethnic differences in preferences for end-of-life treatment. J Gen Intern Med 2009;24:695–701. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 15 Raghavan M, Smith AK, Arnold RM: African Americans and end-of-life care #204. J Palliat Med 2010;13:1382–1383. Link, Google Scholar
• 16 Chiong W, Kim AS, Huang IA, et al.: Testing the presumption of consent to emergency treatment for acute ischemic stroke. JAMA 2014;311:1689–1691. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 17 Chiong W, Kim AS, Huang IA, et al.: Inability to consent does not diminish the desirability of stroke thrombolysis. Ann Neurol 2014;76:296–304. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 18 Callegaro M, DiSogra C: Computing response metrics for online panels. Public Opin Q 2008;7:1008–1032. Crossref, Google Scholar
• 19 Levinson W, Kao A, Kuby A, Thisted RA: Not all patients want to participate in decision making. J Gen Intern Med 2005;20:531–535. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 20 Slot KB, Berge E: Thrombolytic treatment for stroke: patient preferences for treatment, information, and involvement. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2009;18:17–22. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 21 Pollack KM, Morhaim D, Williams MA: The public's perspectives on advance directives: Implications for state legislative and regulatory policy. Health Policy 2010;96:57–63. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 22 Carr D: Racial and ethnic differences in advance care planning: Identifying subgroup patterns and obstacles. J Aging Health 2012;24:923–947. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 23 Garrido MM, Idler EL, Leventhal H, et al.: Pathways from religious to advance care planning: Beliefs about control over length of life and end-of-life values. Gerontologist 2013;53:801–816. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 24 Piamjariyakul U, Myers S, Werkowitch M, et al.: End-of-life preferences and presence of advance directives among ethnic populations with severe chronic cardiovascular illnesses. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs 2014;13:185–189. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 25 Smith AK, Davis RB, Krakauer EL: Differences in the quality of the patient-physician relationship among terminally ill African-American and white patients: Impact on advance care planning and treatment preferences. J Gen Intern Med 2007;22:1579–1582. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 26 Sudore RL, Landefeld CS, Barnes DE, et al.: An advance directive redesigned to meet the literacy level of most adults: A randomized trial. Patient Educ Couns 2007;69:165–195. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
• 27 Waite KR, Federman AD, McCarthy DM, et al.: Literacy and race as risk factors for low rates of advance directives in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2013;61:403–406. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar