Adaptive Displays and Controllers Using Alternative Feedback

Investigations on the design of haptic (force reflecting joystick or force display) controllers were conducted by viewing the display of force information within the context of several different paradigms. First, using analogies from electrical and mechanical systems, certain schemes of the haptic interface were hypothesized which may improve the human–machine interaction with respect to various criteria. A discussion is given on how this interaction benefits the electrical and mechanical system. To generalize this concept to the design of human–machine interfaces, three studies with haptic mechanisms were then synthesized and analyzed.