Research Article
No access
Published Online: 15 March 2023

“It's Hard to Give Hope Sometimes”: Climate Change, Mental Health, and the Challenges for Mental Health Professionals

Publication: Ecopsychology
Volume 15, Issue Number 1

Abstract

Mental health professionals (MHPs) are on the frontlines of assisting clients with mental health impacts of climate change (CC), yet challenges to their practice and required resources have not been adequately explored. A cross-sectional online knowledge, attitudes and practice (KAP) survey was conducted with active, licensed MHPs across the State of Minnesota (n = 517). Fifty-four questions were divided into sections on socio-demographics, knowledge and attitudes, familiarity with emerging terminology, practice behaviors and experiences, and needs for professional resources and training. Most MHPs agreed that CC is an important problem impacting mental health (81.6%), with many (61.0%) already observing these impacts. More than half (51.8%) report that clients would consider discussing CC as part of their treatment. Yet fewer (32.9%) feel well-prepared to have this discussion. A small proportion of MHPs are familiar with resources to assist with assessment (15.0%) and treatment (18.3%), but only 10.2% have made use of these tools with their clients. Results from this comprehensive survey underscore the need for interdisciplinary research and practice communities to design and implement assessment, intervention, and evaluation tools that address the broad impacts of CC on help-seeking clients.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

References

Albrecht, G. (2005). Solastalgia: A new concept in human health and identity. Philosophy Activism Nature, 3, 41–55.
American Psychological Association (APA, 2020a). Patients with Depression and Anxiety Surge as Psychologists Respond to the Coronavirus Pandemic. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2020/11/telehealth-survey-summary.pdf (accessed September 8, 2021).
American Psychiatry Association (APA, 2020b). APA Public Opinion Poll—Annual Meeting 2020. Retrieved from https://www.psychiatry.org/newsroom/apa-public-opinion-poll-2020 (accessed September 8, 2021).
Berry, H. L., Waite, T. D., Dear, K. B. G., Capon, A. G., & Murray, V. (2018). The case for systems thinking about climate change and mental health. Nature Climate Change, 8, 282–290.
Baudon, P., & Jachens, L. A. (2021). Scoping review of interventions for the treatment of eco-anxiety. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 9636.
Bourque, F., & Cunsolo Willox, A. (2014). Climate change: The next challenge for public mental health? International Review of Psychiatry, 26, 415–422.
Bratman, G., Daily, G. C., Levy, B. J., & Gross, J. J. (2015). The benefits of nature experience: Improved affect and cognition. Landscape and Urban Planning, 138, 41–50.
Center for Research on Environmental Decisions (CRED) and ecoAmerica. (2014). Connecting on climate: A guide to effective climate change communication. New York, Washington, DC: CRED and ecoAmerica.
Charlson, F., Ali, S., Benmarhnia, T., Pearl, M., Massazza, A., Augustinavicius, J., & Scott, J.G. (2021). Climate change and mental health: A scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 4486.
Cianconi, P., Betrò, S., & Janiri, L. (2020). The impact of climate change on mental health: A systematic descriptive review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 74.
Clayton, S., Manning, C. M., Speiser, M., & Hill, A. N. (2021). Mental health and our changing climate: Impacts, inequities, responses. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, and ecoAmerica.
Comtesse, H., Ertl, V., Hengst, S. M. C., Rosner, R., & Smid, G. E. (2021). Ecological grief as a response to environmental change: A mental health risk or functional response? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 734.
Coyle, K. J., & Van Susteren, L. (2012). The psychological effects of global warming on the United States: And why the US mental health care system is not adequately prepared. Reston, VA: National Wildlife Federation.
Cruz, J., White, P. C. L., Bell, A., & Coventry, P. A. (2020). Effect of extreme weather events on mental health: A narrative synthesis and meta-analysis for the UK. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 8581.
Daghagh Yazd, S., Wheeler, S. A., & Zuo, A. (2019). Key risk factors affecting farmers' mental health: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, 4849.
Dean, J. G., & Stain, H. J. (2010). Mental health impact for adolescents living with prolonged drought. Australian Journal of Rural Health 18, 32–37.
Ducy, E. M., & Stough, L. M. (2021). Psychological effects of the 2017 California wildfires on children and youth with disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 114, 103981.
Ellis, N. R., & Albrecht, G. A. (2017). Climate change threats to family farmers' sense of place and mental wellbeing: A case study from the Western Australian Wheatbelt. Social Science & Medicine, 175, 161–168.
Galway, L. P., Beery, T., Jones-Casey, K., & Tasala, K. (2019). Mapping the solastalgia literature: A scoping review study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 2662.
Gamble, J. L., Balbus, J., Berger, M., Bouye, K., Campbell, V., Chief, K., Conlon, K., Crimmins, A., Flanagan, B., Gonzalez-Maddux, C., et al. (eds.) Populations of concern, Chapter 9. In The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: A scientific assessment (pp. 247–286). Washington, DC: U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2016.
Gibson, K. E., Barnett, J., Haslam, N., & Kaplan, I. (2020). The mental health impacts of climate change: Findings from a Pacific Island atoll nation. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 73, 102237.
Good Grief Network (GGN). 10-Steps to Personal Resilience & Empowerment in a Chaotic Climate. Retrieved from https://www.goodgriefnetwork.org/ (accessed September 8, 2021).
Hasbach, P. H. (2012). Ecotherapy. In P. H. Kahn, Jr., & P. H. Hasbach (eds.). Ecopsychology: Science, totems, and the technological species> (pp. 115–139). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Hasbach, P. H. (2015). Therapy in the face of climate change. Ecopsychology, 7, 205–210.
Hayes, K., Berry, P., & Ebi, K. L. (2019). Factors influencing the mental health consequences of climate change in Canada. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 1583.
Hayes, K., Blashki, G., Wiseman, J., Burke, S., & Reifels, L. (2018). Climate change and mental health: Risks, impacts and priority actions. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 12, 28.
Hayes, K., & Poland, B. (2018). Addressing mental health in a changing climate: Incorporating mental health indicators into climate change and health vulnerability and adaptation assessments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 1806.
Heo, S., Lee, W., & Bell, M. L. (2021). Suicide and associations with air pollution and ambient temperature: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, 7699.
Hrabok, M., Delorme, A., & Agyapong, V. I. O. (2020). Threats to mental health and well-being associated with climate change. J Anxiety Disord, 76, 102295.
Kondrat, M.E. (2002). Actor-centered social work re-visioning “person-in-environment” through a critical theory lens. Soc Work, 47, 435–448.
Leiserowitz, A., Maibach, E., Rosenthal, S., Kotcher, J., Bergquist, P., Ballew, M., Goldberg, M., Gustafson, A., & Wang, X. (2020). Climate change in the American mind: April 2020. New Haven, CT: Yale Program on Climate Change Communication, Yale University and George Mason University.
Lindquist, K. A., MacCormack, J. K., & Shablack, H. (2015). The role of language in emotion: Predictions from psychological constructionism. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 444.
Liu, J., Varghese, B. M., Hansen, A., Xiang, J., Zhang, Y., Dear, K., Gourley, M., Driscoll, T., Morgan, G., Capon, A., & Bi, P. (2021). Is there an association between hot weather and poor mental health outcomes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environment International, 153, 106533.
Liu, X., Liu, H., Fan, H., Liu, Y., & Ding, G. (2018). Influence of heat waves on daily hospital visits for mental illness in Jinan, China-a case-crossover study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 87.
Matthews, V., Longman, J., Berry, H. L., Passey, M., Bennett-Levy, J., Morgan, G. G., Pit, S., Rolfe, M., & Bailie, R. S. (2019). Differential mental health impact six months after extensive river flooding in rural Australia: A cross-sectional analysis through an equity lens. Frontiers in Public Health, 7, 367.
May, K., & Noel, D. (2019). School nurses and climate change. Annu Rev Nurs Res, 38, 275–286.
Mental Health America (MHA). The state of mental health in America. Retrieved from https://www.mhanational.org/sites/default/files/2019%20MH%20in%20America%20Final_0.pdf (accessed September 8, 2021).
Middleton, J., Cunsolo, A., Jones-Bitton, A., Shiwak, I., Wood, M., Pollock, N., Flowers, C., & Harper, S. L. (2020). “We're people of the snow:” Weather, climate change, and Inuit mental wellness. Social Science & Medicine, 262, 113137.
Minnesota DNR. (n.d.). Climate Trends. Retrieved from https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/climate/climate_change_info/climate-trends.html (accessed June 26, 2022).
Mulchandani, R., Armstrong, B., Beck, C. R., Waite, T. D., Amlôt, R., Kovats, S., Leonardi, G., Rubin, G. J., & Oliver, I. (2020). The English national cohort study of flooding & health: Psychological morbidity at three years of follow up. BMC Public Health, 20, 321.
Pachauri, R., & Reisinger, A. (eds.) (2007). Climate change 2007: Synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fourth assessment report to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC.
Palinkas, L. A., O'Donnell, M. L., Lau, W., & Wong, M. (2020). Strategies for delivering mental health services in response to global climate change: A narrative review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 8562.
Panchal, N., Kamal, R., Cox, C., & Garfield, R. The Implications of COVID-19 for Mental Health and Substance Use. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/the-implications-of-covid-19-for-mental-health-and-substance-use/ (accessed September 7, 2021).
Panu, P. (2020). Anxiety and the ecological crisis: An analysis of eco-anxiety and climate anxiety. Sustainability, 12, 7836.
Parry, L., Radel, C., Adamo, S. B., Clark, N., Counterman, M., Flores-Yeffal, N., Pons, D., Romero-Lankao, P., & Vargo, J. (2019). The (in)visible health risks of climate change. Social Science & Medicine, 241, 112448.
Polain, J. D., Berry, H. L., & Hoskin, J. O. (2011). Rapid change, climate adversity and the next ‘big dry’: Older farmers' mental health. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 19, 239–243.
Powers, M. C. F., & Engstrom, S. (2020). Radical self-care for social workers in the global climate crisis. Social Work, 65, 29–37.
Reyes, M. E. S., Carmen, B. P. B., Luminarias, M. E. P., Mangulabnan, S. A. N. B., & Ogunbode, C. A. (2021). An investigation into the relationship between climate change anxiety and mental health among Gen Z Filipinos. Current Psychology, 1–9.
Ryan, E. C., Dubrow, R., & Sherman, J. D. (2020). Medical, nursing, and physician assistant student knowledge and attitudes toward climate change, pollution, and resource conservation in health care. BMC Medical Education, 20, 200.
Shezi, B., Mathee, A., Siziba, W., Street, R. A., Naicker, N., Kunene, Z., & Wright, C. Y. (2019). Environmental health practitioners potentially play a key role in helping communities adapt to climate change. BMC Public Health, 19, 54.
Shuda, Q., Bougoulias, M. E., & Kass, R. (2020). Effect of nature exposure on perceived and physiologic stress: A systematic review. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 53, 102514.
Stanley, S. K., Hogg, T. L., Leviston, Z., & Walker, I. (2021). From anger to action: Differential impacts of eco-anxiety, eco-depression, and eco-anger on climate action and wellbeing. The Journal of Climate Change and Health, 1, 100003.
Swim, J., Clayton, S., Doherty, T., Gifford, R., Howard, G., Reser, J., Stern, P., & Weber, E. (2009). Psychology and global climate change: Addressing a multi-faceted phenomenon and set of challenges. A report by the American Psychological Association's task force on the interface between psychology and global climate change. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Temte, J. L., Holzhauer, J. R., & Kushner, K. P. (2019). Correlation between climate change and dysphoria in primary care. WMJ, 118, 71–74.
Thoma, M. V., Rohleder, N., & Rohner, S. L. (2021). Clinical ecopsychology: The mental health impacts and underlying pathways of the climate and environmental crisis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 675936.
Thomas, K. C., Ellis, A. R., Konrad, T. R., Holzer, C. E., & Morrissey, J. P. (2009). County-level estimates of mental health professional shortage in the United States. Psychiatric Services, 60, 1323–1328.
van der Linden, S. (2015). The social-psychological determinants of climate change risk perceptions: Towards a comprehensive model. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 41, 112–124.
Williams, S., Bi, P., Newbury, J., Robinson, G., Pisaniello, D., Saniotis, A., & Hansen, A. (2013). Extreme heat and health: Perspectives from health service providers in rural and remote communities in South Australia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10, 5565–5583.
Woodhall-Melnik, J., & Grogan, C. (2019). Perceptions of mental health and wellbeing following residential displacement and damage from the 2018 St. John river flood. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 4174.
World Health Organization (WHO, 2008). Advocacy, communication and social mobilization for TB control: A guide to developing knowledge, attitude and practice surveys. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43790 (accessed September 8, 2021).
World Health Organization (WHO, 2021). Social determinants of health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1 (accessed September 10, 2021).
Yang, L., Liao, W., Liu, C., Zhang, N., Zhong, S., & Huang, C. (2018). Associations between knowledge of the causes and perceived impacts of climate change: A cross-sectional survey of medical, public health and nursing students in universities in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 2650.
Yao, W., Chen, F., Wang, S., & Zhang, X. (2021). Impact of exposure to natural and built environments on positive and negative affect: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 758457.
Zhao, M., Zhang, M., Ying, J., Wang, S., Shi, Y., Li, H., Li, Y., Xing, Z., & Sun, J. (2019). Knowledge, attitudes, practices and information demand in relation to haze in China: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 19, 1396.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

cover image Ecopsychology
Ecopsychology
Volume 15Issue Number 1March 2023
Pages: 13 - 25

History

Published online: 15 March 2023
Published in print: March 2023
Published ahead of print: 16 September 2022
Accepted: 3 August 2022
Received: 17 March 2022

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Topics

Authors

Affiliations

Department of Soil, Water, & Climate, Minnesota Climate Adaptation Partnership, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
Leah Prussia
Department of Social Work, The College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, Minnesota, USA.
Christie Manning
Department of Environmental Studies, Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
Kristin K. Raab
Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
Kelsey V. Jones-Casey
Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada.

Notes

Address correspondence to: Brendalynn O. Hoppe, Department of Soil, Water, & Climate, Minnesota Climate Adaptation Partnership, University of Minnesota, 1991 Upper Buford Cir, Falcon Heights, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA [email protected]

Authors' Contributions

Conceptualization, B.O.H., L.P., C.M., and K.K.R.; methodology, B.O.H., L.P., C.M., and K.K.R.; formal analysis, B.O.H., L.P., and C.M.; investigation, B.O.H., L.P., C.M., and K.K.R.; resources, B.O.H., L.P., C.M., and K.K.R.; data curation, B.O.H., L.P., and C.M.; writing—original draft preparation, B.O.H., L.P., C.M., K.V.J.-C., and K.K.R.; writing—review and editing, B.O.H., L.P., C.M., K.V.J.-C., and K.K.R.; visualization, B.O.H.; supervision, B.O.H., K.K.R.; project administration, B.O.H., K.K.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the article.

Author Disclosure Statement

No competing financial interests exist.

Funding Information

No funding was received for this article.

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Export citation

Select the format you want to export the citations of this publication.

View Options

Access content

To read the fulltext, please use one of the options below to sign in or purchase access.

Society Access

If you are a member of a society that has access to this content please log in via your society website and then return to this publication.

Restore your content access

Enter your email address to restore your content access:

Note: This functionality works only for purchases done as a guest. If you already have an account, log in to access the content to which you are entitled.

View options

PDF/EPUB

View PDF/EPUB

Full Text

View Full Text

Figures

Tables

Media

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share on social media

Back to Top