Research Article
No access
Published Online: 26 April 2013

Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Prognosis of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury/Concussion

Publication: Journal of Neurotrauma
Volume 30, Issue Number 8

Abstract

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) results from a transfer of mechanical energy into the brain from traumatic events such as rapid acceleration/deceleration, a direct impact to the head, or an explosive blast. Transfer of energy into the brain can cause structural, physiological, and/or functional changes in the brain that may yield neurological, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms that can be long-lasting. Because mTBI can cause these symptoms in the absence of positive neuroimaging findings, its diagnosis can be subjective and often is based on self-reported neurological symptoms. Further, proper diagnosis can be influenced by the motivation to conceal or embellish signs and/or an inability of the patient to notice subtle dysfunctions or alterations of consciousness. Therefore, appropriate diagnosis of mTBI would benefit from objective indicators of injury. Concussion and mTBI are often used interchangeably, with concussion being primarily used in sport medicine, whereas mTBI is used in reference to traumatic injury. This review provides a critical assessment of the status of current biomarkers for the diagnosis of human mTBI. We review the status of biomarkers that have been tested in TBI patients with injuries classified as mild, and introduce a new concept for the discovery of biomarkers (termed symptophenotypes) to predict common and unique symptoms of concussion. Finally, we discuss the need for biomarker/biomarker signatures that can detect mTBI in the context of polytrauma, and to assess the consequences of repeated injury on the development of secondary injury syndrome, prolongation of post-concussion symptoms, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

References

1.
Langlois J.A.Rutland-Brown W.Wald M.M.2006. The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overviewJ. Head Trauma Rehabil.21375-378. 1. Langlois, J.A., Rutland-Brown, W., and Wald, M.M. (2006). The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 21, 375–378.
2.
Sosin D.M.Sniezek J.E.Thurman D.J.1996. Incidence of mild and moderate brain injury in the United States, 1991Brain Inj.1047-54. 2. Sosin, D.M., Sniezek, J.E., and Thurman, D.J. (1996). Incidence of mild and moderate brain injury in the United States, 1991. Brain Inj. 10, 47–54.
3.
Warden D.2006. Military TBI during the Iraq and Afghanistan warsJ. Head Trauma Rehabil.21398-402. 3. Warden, D. (2006). Military TBI during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 21, 398–402.
4.
Bryant R.A.Harvey A.G.1999. The influence of traumatic brain injury on acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder following motor vehicle accidentsBrain Inj.1315-22. 4. Bryant, R.A., and Harvey, A.G. (1999). The influence of traumatic brain injury on acute stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder following motor vehicle accidents. Brain Inj. 13, 15–22.
5.
Creamer M.O'Donnell M.L.Pattison P.2005. Amnesia, traumatic brain injury, and posttraumatic stress disorder: a methodological inquiryBehav. Res. Ther.431383-1389. 5. Creamer, M., O'Donnell, M.L., and Pattison, P. (2005). Amnesia, traumatic brain injury, and posttraumatic stress disorder: a methodological inquiry. Behav. Res. Ther. 43, 1383–1389.
6.
Hoge C.W.McGurk D.Thomas J.L.Cox A.L.Engel C.C.Castro C.A.2008. Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. Soldiers returning from IraqN. Engl. J. Med.358453-463. 6. Hoge, C.W., McGurk, D., Thomas, J.L., Cox, A.L., Engel, C.C., and Castro, C.A. (2008). Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. Soldiers returning from Iraq. N. Engl. J. Med. 358, 453–463.
7.
Schneiderman A.I.Braver E.R.Kang H.K.2008. Understanding sequelae of injury mechanisms and mild traumatic brain injury incurred during the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan: persistent postconcussive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorderAm. J. Epidemiol.1671446-1452. 7. Schneiderman, A.I., Braver, E.R., and Kang, H.K. (2008). Understanding sequelae of injury mechanisms and mild traumatic brain injury incurred during the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan: persistent postconcussive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am. J. Epidemiol. 167, 1446–1452.
8.
Arciniegas D.B.Silver J.M.2001. Regarding the search for a unified definition of mild traumatic brain injuryBrain Inj.15649-652. 8. Arciniegas, D.B., and Silver, J.M. (2001). Regarding the search for a unified definition of mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 15, 649–652.
9.
Ruff R.M.Jurica P.1999. In search of a unified definition for mild traumatic brain injuryBrain Inj.13943-952. 9. Ruff, R.M., and Jurica, P. (1999). In search of a unified definition for mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 13, 943–952.
10.
Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense. VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI)2009. 10. Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense. VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Concussion/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (mTBI). 2009.
11.
Uchino Y.Okimura Y.Tanaka M.Saeki N.Yamaura A.2001. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of mild head injury—is it appropriate to classify patients with Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13 to 15 as “mild injury”?Acta Neurochir. (Wien)1431031-1037. 11. Uchino, Y., Okimura, Y., Tanaka, M., Saeki, N., and Yamaura, A. (2001). Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of mild head injury—is it appropriate to classify patients with Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13 to 15 as “mild injury”? Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 143, 1031–1037.
12.
Williams D.H.Levin H.S.Eisenberg H.M.1990. Mild head injury classificationNeurosurgery27422-428. 12. Williams, D.H., Levin, H.S., and Eisenberg, H.M. (1990). Mild head injury classification. Neurosurgery 27, 422–428.
13.
d'Hemecourt P2011. Subacute symptoms of sports-related concussion: outpatient management and return to playClin. Sports Med.3063-72viii. 13. d'Hemecourt P. (2011). Subacute symptoms of sports-related concussion: outpatient management and return to play. Clin. Sports Med. 30, 63–72, viii.
14.
Dikmen S.Machamer J.Fann J.R.Temkin N.R.2010. Rates of symptom reporting following traumatic brain injuryJ. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc.16401-411. 14. Dikmen, S., Machamer, J., Fann, J.R., and Temkin, N.R. (2010). Rates of symptom reporting following traumatic brain injury. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 16, 401–411.
15.
Lannsjö M.af Geijerstam J.L.Johansson U.Bring J.Borg J.2009. Prevalence and structure of symptoms at 3 months after mild traumatic brain injury in a national cohortBrain Inj.23213-219. 15. Lannsjö, M., af Geijerstam, J.L., Johansson, U., Bring, J., and Borg, J. (2009). Prevalence and structure of symptoms at 3 months after mild traumatic brain injury in a national cohort. Brain Inj. 23, 213–219.
16.
Sigurdardottir S.Andelic N.Roe C.Jerstad T.Schanke A.K.2009. Post-concussion symptoms after traumatic brain injury at 3 and 12 months post-injury: a prospective studyBrain Inj.23489-497. 16. Sigurdardottir, S., Andelic, N., Roe, C., Jerstad, T., and Schanke, A.K. (2009). Post-concussion symptoms after traumatic brain injury at 3 and 12 months post-injury: a prospective study. Brain Inj. 23, 489–497.
17.
Edelman G.M.Gally J.A.Baars B.J.2011. Biology of consciousnessFront Psychol.24. 17. Edelman, G.M., Gally, J.A., and Baars, B.J. (2011). Biology of consciousness. Front Psychol. 2, 4.
18.
Crick F.C.Koch C.2005. What is the function of the claustrum? PhilosTrans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.3601271-1279. 18. Crick, F.C., and Koch, C. (2005). What is the function of the claustrum? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 360, 1271–1279.
19.
Vespa P.M.McArthur D.L.Xu Y.Eliseo M.Etchepare M.Dinov I.Alger J.Glenn T.P.Hovda D.2010. Nonconvulsive seizures after traumatic brain injury are associated with hippocampal atrophyNeurology75792-798. 19. Vespa, P.M., McArthur, D.L., Xu, Y., Eliseo, M., Etchepare, M., Dinov, I., Alger, J., Glenn, T.P., and Hovda, D. (2010). Nonconvulsive seizures after traumatic brain injury are associated with hippocampal atrophy. Neurology 75, 792–798.
20.
Hayes R.L.Pechura C.M.Katayama Y.Povlishock J.T.Giebel M.L.Becker D.P.1984. Activation of pontine cholinergic sites implicated in unconsciousness following cerebral concussion in the catScience223301-303. 20. Hayes, R.L., Pechura, C.M., Katayama, Y., Povlishock, J.T., Giebel, M.L., and Becker, D.P. (1984). Activation of pontine cholinergic sites implicated in unconsciousness following cerebral concussion in the cat. Science 223, 301–303.
21.
Cloots R.J.Gervaise H.M.van Dommelen J.A.Geers M.G.2008. Biomechanics of traumatic brain injury: influences of the morphologic heterogeneities of the cerebral cortexAnn. Biomed. Eng.361203-1215. 21. Cloots, R.J., Gervaise, H.M., van Dommelen, J.A., and Geers, M.G. (2008). Biomechanics of traumatic brain injury: influences of the morphologic heterogeneities of the cerebral cortex. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 36, 1203–1215.
22.
Kimpara H.Iwamoto M.2012. Mild traumatic brain injury predictors based on angular accelerations during impactsAnn. Biomed. Eng.40114-126. 22. Kimpara, H., and Iwamoto, M. (2012). Mild traumatic brain injury predictors based on angular accelerations during impacts. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 40, 114–126.
23.
Laplaca M.C.Prado G.R.2010. Neural mechanobiology and neuronal vulnerability to traumatic loadingJ. Biomech.4371-78. 23. Laplaca, M.C., and Prado, G.R. (2010). Neural mechanobiology and neuronal vulnerability to traumatic loading. J. Biomech. 43, 71–78.
24.
Sabet A.A.Christoforou E.Zatlin B.Genin G.M.Bayly P.V.2008. Deformation of the human brain induced by mild angular head accelerationJ. Biomech.41307-315. 24. Sabet, A.A., Christoforou, E., Zatlin, B., Genin, G.M., and Bayly, P.V. (2008). Deformation of the human brain induced by mild angular head acceleration. J. Biomech. 41, 307–315.
25.
Viano D.C.Hamberger A.Bolouri H.Säljö A.2009. Concussion in professional football: animal model of brain injury—part 15Neurosurgery641162-1173. 25. Viano, D.C., Hamberger, A., Bolouri, H., and Säljö, A. (2009). Concussion in professional football: animal model of brain injury—part 15. Neurosurgery 64, 1162–1173.
26.
Smith D.H.Nonaka M.Miller R.Leoni M.Chen X.H.Alsop D.Meaney D.F.2000. Immediate coma following inertial brain injury dependent on axonal damage in the brainstemJ. Neurosurg.93315-322. 26. Smith, D.H., Nonaka, M., Miller, R., Leoni, M., Chen, X.H., Alsop, D., and Meaney, D.F. (2000). Immediate coma following inertial brain injury dependent on axonal damage in the brainstem. J. Neurosurg. 93, 315–322.
27.
Browne K.D.Chen X.H.Meaney D.F.Smith D.H.2011. Mild traumatic brain injury and diffuse axonal injury in swineJ. Neurotrauma281747-1755. 27. Browne, K.D., Chen, X.H., Meaney, D.F., and Smith, D.H. (2011). Mild traumatic brain injury and diffuse axonal injury in swine. J. Neurotrauma 28, 1747–1755.
28.
Buki A.Povlishock J.T.2006. All roads lead to disconnection?—Traumatic axonal injury revisitedActa Neurochir. (Wien)148181-194. 28. Buki, A., and Povlishock, J.T. (2006). All roads lead to disconnection?—Traumatic axonal injury revisited. Acta Neurochir. (Wien) 148, 181–194.
29.
Johnson V.E.Stewart W.Smith D.H.2012. Axonal pathology in traumatic brain injuryExp. Neurol.Epub ahead of print. 29. Johnson, V.E., Stewart, W., and Smith, D.H. (2012). Axonal pathology in traumatic brain injury. Exp. Neurol. Epub ahead of print.
30.
Stirling D.P.Stys P.K.2010. Mechanisms of axonal injury: internodal nanocomplexes and calcium deregulationTrends Mol. Med.16160-170. 30. Stirling, D.P., and Stys, P.K. (2010). Mechanisms of axonal injury: internodal nanocomplexes and calcium deregulation. Trends Mol. Med. 16, 160–170.
31.
Wolf J.A.Stys P.K.Lusardi T.Meaney D.Smith D.H.2001. Traumatic axonal injury induces calcium influx modulated by tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channelsJ. Neurosci.211923-1930. 31. Wolf, J.A., Stys, P.K., Lusardi, T., Meaney, D., and Smith, D.H. (2001). Traumatic axonal injury induces calcium influx modulated by tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium channels. J. Neurosci. 21, 1923–1930.
32.
Bramlett H.M.Dietrich W.D.2002. Quantitative structural changes in white and gray matter 1 year following traumatic brain injury in ratsActa Neuropathol.103607-614. 32. Bramlett, H.M., and Dietrich, W.D. (2002). Quantitative structural changes in white and gray matter 1 year following traumatic brain injury in rats. Acta Neuropathol. 103, 607–614.
33.
Gultekin S.H.Smith T.W.1994. Diffuse axonal injury in craniocerebral trauma. A comparative histologic and immunohistochemical studyArch. Pathol. Lab. Med.118168-171. 33. Gultekin, S.H., and Smith, T.W. (1994). Diffuse axonal injury in craniocerebral trauma. A comparative histologic and immunohistochemical study. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 118, 168–171.
34.
Dhaka A.Viswanath V.Patapoutian A.2006. Trp ion channels and temperature sensationAnnu. Rev. Neurosci.29135-161. 34. Dhaka, A., Viswanath, V., and Patapoutian, A. (2006). Trp ion channels and temperature sensation. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 29, 135–161.
35.
Wu L.J.Sweet T.B.Clapham D.E.2010. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXVI. Current progress in the mammalian TRP ion channel familyPharmacol. Rev.62381-404. 35. Wu, L.J., Sweet, T.B., and Clapham, D.E. (2010). International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXVI. Current progress in the mammalian TRP ion channel family. Pharmacol. Rev. 62, 381–404.
36.
Kissick J.Johnston K.M.2005. Return to play after concussion: principles and practiceClin. J. Sport Med.15426-431. 36. Kissick, J., and Johnston, K.M. (2005). Return to play after concussion: principles and practice. Clin. J. Sport Med. 15, 426–431.
37.
Practice parameter: the management of concussion in sports (summary statement). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee1997Neurology48581-585. 37. Practice parameter: the management of concussion in sports (summary statement). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee. (1997). Neurology 48, 581–585.
38.
McCrory P.Meeuwisse W.Johnston K.Dvorak J.Aubry M.Molloy M.Cantu R.2009. Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 3rd International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2008J. Athl. Train.44434-448. 38. McCrory, P., Meeuwisse, W., Johnston, K., Dvorak, J., Aubry, M., Molloy, M., and Cantu, R. (2009). Consensus statement on concussion in sport: the 3rd International Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich, November 2008. J. Athl. Train. 44, 434–448.
39.
McCrea M.Kelly J.P.Randolph C.Kluge J.Bartolic E.Finn G.Baxter B.1998. Standardized assessment of concussion (SAC): on-site mental status evaluation of the athleteJ. Head Trauma Rehabil.1327-35. 39. McCrea, M., Kelly, J.P., Randolph, C., Kluge, J., Bartolic, E., Finn, G., and Baxter, B. (1998). Standardized assessment of concussion (SAC): on-site mental status evaluation of the athlete. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 13, 27–35.
40.
Herring S.A.Cantu R.C.Guskiewicz K.M.Putukian M.Kibler W.B.Bergfeld J.A.Boyajian-O'Neill L.A.Franks R.R.Indelicato P.A.2011. Concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) and the team physician: a consensus statement—2011 updateMed. Sci. Sports Exerc.432412-2422. 40. Herring, S.A., Cantu, R.C., Guskiewicz, K.M., Putukian, M., Kibler, W.B., Bergfeld, J.A., Boyajian-O'Neill, L.A., Franks, R.R., and Indelicato, P.A. (2011). Concussion (mild traumatic brain injury) and the team physician: a consensus statement—2011 update. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 43, 2412–2422.
41.
Bazarian J.J.Zhong J.Blyth B.Zhu T.Kavcic V.Peterson D.2007. Diffusion tensor imaging detects clinically important axonal damage after mild traumatic brain injury: a pilot studyJ. Neurotrauma241447-1459. 41. Bazarian, J.J., Zhong, J., Blyth, B., Zhu, T., Kavcic, V., and Peterson, D. (2007). Diffusion tensor imaging detects clinically important axonal damage after mild traumatic brain injury: a pilot study. J. Neurotrauma 24, 1447–1459.
42.
Hovda D.A.2007. Oxidative need and oxidative capacity following traumatic brain injuryCrit. Care Med.35663-664. 42. Hovda, D.A. (2007). Oxidative need and oxidative capacity following traumatic brain injury. Crit. Care Med. 35, 663–664.
43.
McCrea M.Prichep L.Powell M.R.Chabot R.Barr W.B.2010. Acute effects and recovery after sport-related concussion: a neurocognitive and quantitative brain electrical activity studyJ. Head Trauma Rehabil.25283-292. 43. McCrea, M., Prichep, L., Powell, M.R., Chabot, R., and Barr, W.B. (2010). Acute effects and recovery after sport-related concussion: a neurocognitive and quantitative brain electrical activity study. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 25, 283–292.
44.
Maugans T.A.Farley C.Altaye M.Leach J.Cecil K.M.2012. Pediatric sports-related concussion produces cerebral blood flow alterationsPediatrics12928-37. 44. Maugans, T.A., Farley, C., Altaye, M., Leach, J., and Cecil, K.M. (2012). Pediatric sports-related concussion produces cerebral blood flow alterations. Pediatrics 129,28–37.
45.
Brooks W.M.Stidley C.A.Petropoulos H.Jung R.E.Weers D.C.Friedman S.D.Barlow M.A.Sibbitt W.L. Jr.Yeo R.A.2000. Metabolic and cognitive response to human traumatic brain injury: a quantitative proton magnetic resonance studyJ. Neurotrauma17629-640. 45. Brooks, W.M., Stidley, C.A., Petropoulos, H., Jung, R.E., Weers, D.C., Friedman, S.D., Barlow, M.A., Sibbitt, W.L., Jr., and Yeo, R.A. (2000). Metabolic and cognitive response to human traumatic brain injury: a quantitative proton magnetic resonance study. J. Neurotrauma 17, 629–640.
46.
Friedman S.D.Brooks W.M.Jung R.E.Hart B.L.Yeo R.A.1998. Proton MR spectroscopic findings correspond to neuropsychological function in traumatic brain injuryAJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.191879-1885. 46. Friedman, S.D., Brooks, W.M., Jung, R.E., Hart, B.L., and Yeo, R.A. (1998). Proton MR spectroscopic findings correspond to neuropsychological function in traumatic brain injury. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 19, 1879–1885.
47.
Marion D.W.Curley K.C.Schwab K.Hicks R.R.2011. Proceedings of the military mTBI Diagnostics Workshop, St. Pete Beach, August 2010J. Neurotrauma28517-526. 47. Marion, D.W., Curley, K.C., Schwab, K., and Hicks, R.R. (2011). Proceedings of the military mTBI Diagnostics Workshop, St. Pete Beach, August 2010. J. Neurotrauma 28, 517–526.
48.
Hunter J.V.Wilde E.A.Tong K.A.Holshouser B.A.2012. Emerging imaging tools for use with traumatic brain injury researchJ. Neurotrauma29654-671. 48. Hunter, J.V., Wilde, E.A., Tong, K.A., and Holshouser, B.A. (2012). Emerging imaging tools for use with traumatic brain injury research. J. Neurotrauma 29, 654–671.
49.
Shenton M.E.Hamoda H.M.Schneiderman J.S.Bouix S.Pasternak O.Rathi Y.Vu M.A.Purohit M.P.Helmer K.Koerte I.Lin A.P.Westin C.F.Kikinis R.Kubicki M.Stern R.A.Zafonte R.2012. A review of magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging findings in mild traumatic brain injuryBrain Imaging Behav.6137-192. 49. Shenton, M.E., Hamoda, H.M., Schneiderman, J.S., Bouix, S., Pasternak, O., Rathi, Y., Vu, M.A., Purohit, M.P., Helmer, K., Koerte, I., Lin, A.P., Westin, C.F., Kikinis, R., Kubicki, M., Stern, R.A., and Zafonte, R. (2012). A review of magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging findings in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Imaging Behav. 6,137–192.
50.
Van Boven R.W.Harrington G.S.Hackney D.B.Ebel A.Gauger G.Bremner J.D.D'Esposito M.Detre J.A.Haacke E.M.Jack C.R. Jr.Jagust W.J.Le Bihan D.Mathis C.A.Mueller S.Mukherjee P.Schuff N.Chen A.Weiner M.W.2009. Advances in neuroimaging of traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorderJ. Rehabil. Res. Dev.46717-757. 50. Van Boven, R.W., Harrington, G.S., Hackney, D.B., Ebel, A., Gauger, G., Bremner, J.D., D'Esposito, M., Detre, J.A., Haacke, E.M., Jack, C.R., Jr., Jagust, W.J., Le Bihan, D., Mathis, C.A., Mueller, S., Mukherjee, P., Schuff, N., Chen, A., and Weiner, M.W. (2009). Advances in neuroimaging of traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 46, 717–757.
51.
Duhaime A.C.Gean A.D.Haacke E.M.Hicks R.Wintermark M.Mukherjee P.Brody D.Latour L.Riedy G.2010. Common data elements in radiologic imaging of traumatic brain injuryArch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.911661-1666. 51. Duhaime, A.C., Gean, A.D., Haacke, E.M., Hicks, R., Wintermark, M., Mukherjee, P., Brody, D., Latour, L., and Riedy, G. (2010). Common data elements in radiologic imaging of traumatic brain injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 91, 1661–1666.
52.
Newcombe V.FWilliams G.BNortje JBradley P.GHarding S.GSmielewski PColes J.PMaiya BGillard J.HHutchinson P.JPickard J.DCarpenter T.AMenon D.K2007. Analysis of acute traumatic axonal injury using diffusion tensor imagingBr. J. Neurosurg.21340-348. 52. Newcombe V.F., Williams G.B., Nortje J., Bradley P.G., Harding S.G., Smielewski P., Coles J.P., Maiya B., Gillard J.H., Hutchinson P.J., Pickard J.D., Carpenter T.A., and Menon D.K. (2007). Analysis of acute traumatic axonal injury using diffusion tensor imaging. Br. J. Neurosurg. 21, 340–348.
53.
Niogi S.NMukherjee P.2010. Diffusion tensor imaging of mild traumatic brain injuryJ. Head Trauma Rehabil.25241-255. 53. Niogi S.N., and Mukherjee, P. (2010). Diffusion tensor imaging of mild traumatic brain injury. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 25, 241–2 55.
54.
Salmond C.H.Menon D.K.Chatfield D.A.Pickard J.D.Sahakian B.J.2006. Changes over time in cognitive and structural profiles of head injury survivorsNeuropsychologia441995-1998. 54. Salmond, C.H., Menon, D.K., Chatfield, D.A., Pickard, J.D., and Sahakian, B.J. (2006). Changes over time in cognitive and structural profiles of head injury survivors. Neuropsychologia 44, 1995–1998.
55.
Ling J.M.Pena A.Yeo R.A.Merideth F.L.Klimaj S.Gasparovic C.Mayer A.R.2012. Biomarkers of increased diffusion anisotropy in semi-acute mild traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal perspectiveBrain1351281-1292. 55. Ling, J.M., Pena, A., Yeo, R.A., Merideth, F.L., Klimaj, S., Gasparovic, C., and Mayer, A.R. (2012). Biomarkers of increased diffusion anisotropy in semi-acute mild traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal perspective. Brain 135, 1281–1292.
56.
Mayer A.R.Ling J.Mannell M.V.Gasparovic C.Phillips J.P.Doezema D.Reichard R.Yeo R.A.2010. A prospective diffusion tensor imaging study in mild traumatic brain injuryNeurology74643-650. 56. Mayer, A.R., Ling, J., Mannell, M.V., Gasparovic, C., Phillips, J.P., Doezema, D., Reichard, R., and Yeo, R.A. (2010). A prospective diffusion tensor imaging study in mild traumatic brain injury. Neurology 74, 643–650.
57.
Wilde E.A.McCauley S.R.Hunter J.V.Bigler E.D.Chu Z.Wang Z.J.Hanten G.R.Troyanskaya M.Yallampalli R.Li X.Chia J.Levin H.S.2008. Diffusion tensor imaging of acute mild traumatic brain injury in adolescentsNeurology70948-955. 57. Wilde, E.A., McCauley, S.R., Hunter, J.V., Bigler, E.D., Chu, Z., Wang, Z.J., Hanten, G.R., Troyanskaya, M., Yallampalli, R., Li, X., Chia, J., and Levin, H.S. (2008). Diffusion tensor imaging of acute mild traumatic brain injury in adolescents. Neurology 70, 948–955.
58.
Miles L.Grossman R.I.Johnson G.Babb J.S.Diller L.Inglese M.2008. Short-term DTI predictors of cognitive dysfunction in mild traumatic brain injuryBrain Inj.22115-122. 58. Miles, L., Grossman, R.I., Johnson, G., Babb, J.S., Diller, L., and Inglese, M. (2008). Short-term DTI predictors of cognitive dysfunction in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 22, 115–122.
59.
Niogi S.N.Mukherjee P.Ghajar J.Johnson C.Kolster R.A.Sarkar R.Lee H.Meeker M.Zimmerman R.D.Manley G.T.McCandliss B.D.2008. Extent of microstructural white matter injury in postconcussive syndrome correlates with impaired cognitive reaction time: a 3T diffusion tensor imaging study of mild traumatic brain injuryAJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.29967-973. 59. Niogi, S.N., Mukherjee, P., Ghajar, J., Johnson, C., Kolster, R.A., Sarkar, R., Lee, H., Meeker, M., Zimmerman, R.D., Manley, G.T., and McCandliss, B.D. (2008). Extent of microstructural white matter injury in postconcussive syndrome correlates with impaired cognitive reaction time: a 3T diffusion tensor imaging study of mild traumatic brain injury. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 29, 967–973.
60.
Little D.M.Kraus M.F.Jiam C.Moynihan M.Siroko M.Schulze E.Geary E.K.2010. Neuroimaging of hypoxic-ischemic brain injuryNeuroRehabilitation2615-25. 60. Little, D.M., Kraus, M.F., Jiam, C., Moynihan, M., Siroko, M., Schulze, E., and Geary, E.K. (2010). Neuroimaging of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation 26, 15–25.
61.
Yallampalli R.Wilde E.A.Bigler E.D.McCauley S.R.Hanten G.Troyanskaya M.Hunter J.V.Chu Z.Li X.Levin H.S.2013. Acute white matter differences in the fornix following mild traumatic brain injury using diffusion tensor imagingJ. Neuroimaging23224-227. 61. Yallampalli, R., Wilde, E.A., Bigler, E.D., McCauley, S.R., Hanten, G., Troyanskaya, M., Hunter, J.V., Chu, Z., Li, X., and Levin, H.S. (2013). Acute white matter differences in the fornix following mild traumatic brain injury using diffusion tensor imaging. J. Neuroimaging 23, 224–227.
62.
Wilde E.A.Ramos M.A.Yallampalli R.Bigler E.D.McCauley S.R.Chu Z.Wu T.C.Hanten G.Scheibel R.S.Li X.Vasquez A.C.Hunter J.V.Levin H.S.2010. Diffusion tensor imaging of the cingulum bundle in children after traumatic brain injuryDev. Neuropsychol.35333-351. 62. Wilde, E.A., Ramos, M.A., Yallampalli, R., Bigler, E.D., McCauley, S.R., Chu, Z., Wu, T.C., Hanten, G., Scheibel, R.S., Li, X., Vasquez, A.C., Hunter, J.V., and Levin, H.S. (2010). Diffusion tensor imaging of the cingulum bundle in children after traumatic brain injury. Dev. Neuropsychol. 35, 333–351.
63.
Berger R.P.Pierce M.C.Wisniewski S.R.Adelson P.D.Clark R.S.Ruppel R.A.Kochanek P.M.2002. Neuron-specific enolase and S100B in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and childrenPediatrics109E31. 63. Berger, R.P., Pierce, M.C., Wisniewski, S.R., Adelson, P.D., Clark, R.S., Ruppel, R.A., and Kochanek, P.M. (2002). Neuron-specific enolase and S100B in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury in infants and children. Pediatrics 109, E31.
64.
Rothermundt M.Peters M.Prehn J.H.Arolt V.2003. S100B in brain damage and neurodegenerationMicrosc. Res. Tech.60614-632. 64. Rothermundt, M., Peters, M., Prehn, J.H., and Arolt, V. (2003). S100B in brain damage and neurodegeneration. Microsc. Res. Tech. 60, 614–632.
65.
Ingebrigtsen T.Romner B.1996. Serial S-100 protein serum measurements related to early magnetic resonance imaging after minor head injuryCase report. J. Neurosurg.85945-948. 65. Ingebrigtsen, T., and Romner, B. (1996). Serial S-100 protein serum measurements related to early magnetic resonance imaging after minor head injury. Case report. J. Neurosurg. 85, 945–948.
66.
Müller K.Townend W.Biasca N.Unden J.Waterloo K.Romner B.Ingebrigtsen T.2007. S100B serum level predicts computed tomography findings after minor head injuryJ. Trauma621452-1456. 66. Müller, K., Townend, W., Biasca, N., Unden, J., Waterloo, K., Romner, B., and Ingebrigtsen, T. (2007). S100B serum level predicts computed tomography findings after minor head injury. J. Trauma 62, 1452–1456.
67.
Unden J.Romner B.2009. A new objective method for CT triage after minor head injury—serum S100BScand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest.6913-17. 67. Unden, J., and Romner, B. (2009). A new objective method for CT triage after minor head injury—serum S100B. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 69, 13–17.
68.
Bazarian J.J.Zemlan F.P.Mookerjee S.Stigbrand T.2006. Serum S-100B and cleaved-tau are poor predictors of long-term outcome after mild traumatic brain injuryBrain Inj.20759-765. 68. Bazarian, J.J., Zemlan, F.P., Mookerjee, S., and Stigbrand, T. (2006). Serum S-100B and cleaved-tau are poor predictors of long-term outcome after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 20, 759–765.
69.
Ingebrigtsen TRomner B2003. Biochemical serum markers for brain damage: a short review with emphasis on clinical utility in mild head injuryRestor. Neurol. Neurosci.21171-176. 69. Ingebrigtsen T., Romner B. (2003). Biochemical serum markers for brain damage: a short review with emphasis on clinical utility in mild head injury. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 21, 171–176.
70.
Nygren De Boussard C.Fredman P.Lundin A.Andersson K.Edman G.Borg J.2004. S100 in mild traumatic brain injuryBrain Inj.18671-683. 70. Nygren De Boussard, C., Fredman, P., Lundin, A., Andersson, K., Edman, G., and Borg, J. (2004). S100 in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 18, 671–683.
71.
Biberthaler P.Linsenmeier U.Pfeifer K.J.Kroetz M.Mussack T.Kanz K.G.Hoecherl E.F.Jonas F.Marzi I.Leucht P.Jochum M.Mutschler W.2006. Serum S-100B concentration provides additional information for the indication of computed tomography in patients after minor head injury: a prospective multicenter studyShock25446-453. 71. Biberthaler, P., Linsenmeier, U., Pfeifer, K.J., Kroetz, M., Mussack, T., Kanz, K.G., Hoecherl, E.F., Jonas, F., Marzi, I., Leucht, P., Jochum, M., and Mutschler, W. (2006). Serum S-100B concentration provides additional information for the indication of computed tomography in patients after minor head injury: a prospective multicenter study. Shock 25, 446–453.
72.
Jagoda A.S.Bazarian J.J.Bruns J.J. Jr.Cantrill S.V.Gean A.D.Howard P.K.Ghajar J.Riggio S.Wright D.W.Wears R.L.Bakshy A.Burgess P.Wald M.M.Whitson R.R.2008. Clinical policy: neuroimaging and decisionmaking in adult mild traumatic brain injury in the acute settingAnn Emerg Med52714-748. 72. Jagoda, A.S., Bazarian, J.J., Bruns, J.J., Jr., Cantrill, S.V., Gean, A.D., Howard, P.K., Ghajar, J., Riggio, S., Wright, D.W., Wears, R.L., Bakshy, A., Burgess, P., Wald, M.M., and Whitson, R.R. (2008). Clinical policy: neuroimaging and decisionmaking in adult mild traumatic brain injury in the acute setting. Ann Emerg Med 52, 714–748.
73.
Ross S.A.Cunningham R.T.Johnston C.F.Rowlands B.J.1996. Neuron-specific enolase as an aid to outcome prediction in head injuryBr. J. Neurosurg.10471-476. 73. Ross, S.A., Cunningham, R.T., Johnston, C.F., and Rowlands, B.J. (1996). Neuron-specific enolase as an aid to outcome prediction in head injury. Br. J. Neurosurg. 10, 471–476.
74.
Vos P.E.Lamers K.J.Hendriks J.C.van Haaren M.Beems T.Zimmerman C.van Geel W.de Reus H.Biert J.Verbeek M.M.2004. Glial and neuronal proteins in serum predict outcome after severe traumatic brain injuryNeurology621303-1310. 74. Vos, P.E., Lamers, K.J., Hendriks, J.C., van Haaren, M., Beems, T., Zimmerman, C., van Geel, W., de Reus, H., Biert, J., and Verbeek, M.M. (2004). Glial and neuronal proteins in serum predict outcome after severe traumatic brain injury. Neurology 62, 1303–1310.
75.
de Kruijk JR.Leffers P.Menheere P.P.Meerhoff S.Twijnstra A.2001. S-100B and neuron-specific enolase in serum of mild traumatic brain injury patients. A comparison with health controlsActa Neurol. Scand.103175-179. 75. de Kruijk, JR., Leffers, P., Menheere, P.P., Meerhoff, S., and Twijnstra, A. (2001). S-100B and neuron-specific enolase in serum of mild traumatic brain injury patients. A comparison with health controls. Acta Neurol. Scand. 103, 175–179.
76.
Berger R.P.Hayes R.L.Richichi R.Beers S.R.Wang K.K.2012. Serum concentrations of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 and alphaII-spectrin breakdown product 145 kDa correlate with outcome after pediatric TBIJ. Neurotrauma29162-167. 76. Berger, R.P., Hayes, R.L., Richichi, R., Beers, S.R., and Wang, K.K. (2012). Serum concentrations of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 and alphaII-spectrin breakdown product 145 kDa correlate with outcome after pediatric TBI. J. Neurotrauma 29, 162–167.
77.
Bulut M.Koksal O.Dogan S.Bolca N.Ozguc H.Korfali E.Ilcol Y.O.Parklak M.2006. Tau protein as a serum marker of brain damage in mild traumatic brain injury: preliminary resultsAdv. Ther.2312-22. 77. Bulut, M., Koksal, O., Dogan, S., Bolca, N., Ozguc, H., Korfali, E., Ilcol, Y.O., and Parklak, M. (2006). Tau protein as a serum marker of brain damage in mild traumatic brain injury: preliminary results. Adv. Ther. 23, 12–22.
78.
Kavalci C.Pekdemir M.Durukan P.Ilhan N.Yildiz M.Serhatlioglu S.Seckin D.2007. The value of serum tau protein for the diagnosis of intracranial injury in minor head traumaAm. J. Emerg. Med.25391-395. 78. Kavalci, C., Pekdemir, M., Durukan, P., Ilhan, N., Yildiz, M., Serhatlioglu, S., and Seckin, D. (2007). The value of serum tau protein for the diagnosis of intracranial injury in minor head trauma. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 25, 391–395.
79.
Ma M.Lindsell C.J.Rosenberry C.M.Shaw G.J.Zemlan F.P.2008. Serum cleaved tau does not predict postconcussion syndrome after mild traumatic brain injuryAm. J. Emerg. Med.26763-768. 79. Ma, M., Lindsell, C.J., Rosenberry, C.M., Shaw, G.J., and Zemlan, F.P. (2008). Serum cleaved tau does not predict postconcussion syndrome after mild traumatic brain injury. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 26, 763–768.
80.
Hulsebosch C.E.2008. Gliopathy ensures persistent inflammation and chronic pain after spinal cord injuryExp. Neurol.2146-9. 80. Hulsebosch, C.E. (2008). Gliopathy ensures persistent inflammation and chronic pain after spinal cord injury. Exp. Neurol. 214, 6–9.
81.
Pelinka L.E.Kroepfl A.Schmidhammer R.Krenn M.Buchinger W.Redl H.Raabe A.2004. Glial fibrillary acidic protein in serum after traumatic brain injury and multiple traumaJ. Trauma571006-1012. 81. Pelinka, L.E., Kroepfl, A., Schmidhammer, R., Krenn, M., Buchinger, W., Redl, H., and Raabe, A. (2004). Glial fibrillary acidic protein in serum after traumatic brain injury and multiple trauma. J. Trauma 57, 1006–1012.
82.
Honda M.Tsuruta R.Kaneko T.Kasaoka S.Yagi T.Todani M.Fujita M.Izumi T.Maekawa T2010. Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein is a highly specific biomarker for traumatic brain injury in humans compared with S-100B and neuron-specific enolaseJ. Trauma69104-109. 82. Honda, M., Tsuruta, R., Kaneko, T., Kasaoka, S., Yagi, T., Todani, M., Fujita, M., Izumi, T., and Maekawa T. (2010). Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein is a highly specific biomarker for traumatic brain injury in humans compared with S-100B and neuron-specific enolase. J. Trauma 69, 104–109.
83.
Papa L.Lewis L.M.Falk J.L.Zhang Z.Silvestri S.Giordano P.Brophy G.M.Demery J.A.Dixit N.K.Ferguson I.Liu M.C.Mo J.Akinyi L.Schmid K.Mondello S.Robertson C.S.Tortella F.C.Hayes R.L.Wang K.K.2012. Elevated levels of serum glial fibrillary acidic protein breakdown products in mild and moderate traumatic brain injury are associated with intracranial lesions and neurosurgical interventionAnn. Emerg. Med.59471-483. 83. Papa, L., Lewis, L.M., Falk, J.L., Zhang, Z., Silvestri, S., Giordano, P., Brophy, G.M., Demery, J.A., Dixit, N.K., Ferguson, I., Liu, M.C., Mo, J., Akinyi, L., Schmid, K., Mondello, S., Robertson, C.S., Tortella, F.C., Hayes, R.L., and Wang, K.K. (2012). Elevated levels of serum glial fibrillary acidic protein breakdown products in mild and moderate traumatic brain injury are associated with intracranial lesions and neurosurgical intervention. Ann. Emerg. Med. 59, 471–483.
84.
Setsuie R.Wada K.2007. The functions of UCH-L1 and its relation to neurodegenerative diseasesNeurochem. Int.51105-111. 84. Setsuie, R., and Wada, K. (2007). The functions of UCH-L1 and its relation to neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem. Int. 51, 105–111.
85.
Belin A.C.Westerlund M.2008. Parkinson's disease: a genetic perspectiveFEBS J.2751377-1383. 85. Belin, A.C., and Westerlund, M. (2008). Parkinson's disease: a genetic perspective. FEBS J. 275, 1377–1383.
86.
Papa L.Akinyi L.Liu M.C.Pineda J.A.Tepas J.J. IIIOli M.W.Zheng W.Robinson G.Robicsek S.A.Gabrielli A.Heaton S.C.Hannay H.J.Demery J.A.Brophy G.M.Layon J.Robertson C.S.Hayes R.L.Wang K.K.2010. Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase is a novel biomarker in humans for severe traumatic brain injuryCrit. Care Med.38138-144. 86. Papa, L., Akinyi, L., Liu, M.C., Pineda, J.A., Tepas, J.J., III, Oli, M.W., Zheng, W., Robinson, G., Robicsek, S.A., Gabrielli, A., Heaton, S.C., Hannay, H.J., Demery, J.A., Brophy, G.M., Layon, J., Robertson, C.S., Hayes, R.L., and Wang, K.K. (2010). Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase is a novel biomarker in humans for severe traumatic brain injury. Crit. Care Med. 38, 138–144.
87.
Papa L.Lewis L.M.Silvestri S.Falk J.L.Giordano P.Brophy G.M.Demery J.A.Liu M.C.Mo J.Akinyi L.Mondello S.Schmid K.Robertson C.S.Tortella F.C.Hayes R.L.Wang K.K.2012. Serum levels of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase distinguish mild traumatic brain injury from trauma controls and are elevated in mild and moderate traumatic brain injury patients with intracranial lesions and neurosurgical interventionJ. Trauma Acute Care Surg.721335-1344. 87. Papa, L., Lewis, L.M., Silvestri, S., Falk, J.L., Giordano, P., Brophy, G.M., Demery, J.A., Liu, M.C., Mo, J., Akinyi, L., Mondello, S., Schmid, K., Robertson, C.S., Tortella, F.C., Hayes, R.L., and Wang, K.K. (2012). Serum levels of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase distinguish mild traumatic brain injury from trauma controls and are elevated in mild and moderate traumatic brain injury patients with intracranial lesions and neurosurgical intervention. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg. 72, 1335–1344.
88.
Blyth B.J.Farahvar A.He H.Nayak A.Yang C.Shaw G.Bazarian J.J.2011. Elevated serum ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 is associated with abnormal blood-brain barrier function after traumatic brain injuryJ. Neurotrauma282453-2462. 88. Blyth, B.J., Farahvar, A., He, H., Nayak, A., Yang, C., Shaw, G., and Bazarian, J.J. (2011). Elevated serum ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 is associated with abnormal blood-brain barrier function after traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 28, 2453–2462.
89.
Kochanek P.M.Berger R.P.Bayir H.Wagner A.K.Jenkins L.W.Clark R.S.2008. Biomarkers of primary and evolving damage in traumatic and ischemic brain injury: diagnosis, prognosis, probing mechanisms, and therapeutic decision makingCurr. Opin. Crit. Care14135-141. 89. Kochanek, P.M., Berger, R.P., Bayir, H., Wagner, A.K., Jenkins, L.W., and Clark, R.S. (2008). Biomarkers of primary and evolving damage in traumatic and ischemic brain injury: diagnosis, prognosis, probing mechanisms, and therapeutic decision making. Curr. Opin. Crit. Care 14, 135–141.
90.
D'Aversa T.G.Eugenin E.A.Lopez L.Berman J.W.2013. Myelin basic protein induces inflammatory mediators from primary human endothelial cells and blood-brain-barrier disruption: implications for the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosisNeuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol.39270-283. 90. D'Aversa, T.G., Eugenin, E.A., Lopez, L., and Berman, J.W. (2013). Myelin basic protein induces inflammatory mediators from primary human endothelial cells and blood-brain-barrier disruption: implications for the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 39, 270–283.
91.
Berger R.P.Bazaco M.C.Wagner A.K.Kochanek P.M.Fabio A.2010. Trajectory analysis of serum biomarker concentrations facilitates outcome prediction after pediatric traumatic and hypoxemic brain injuryDev. Neurosci.32396-405. 91. Berger, R.P., Bazaco, M.C., Wagner, A.K., Kochanek, P.M., and Fabio, A. (2010). Trajectory analysis of serum biomarker concentrations facilitates outcome prediction after pediatric traumatic and hypoxemic brain injury. Dev. Neurosci. 32, 396–405.
92.
Cordes K.R.Srivastava D.2009. MicroRNA regulation of cardiovascular developmentCirc. Res.104724-732. 92. Cordes, K.R., and Srivastava, D. (2009). MicroRNA regulation of cardiovascular development. Circ. Res. 104, 724–732.
93.
Rogelj B.Giese K.P.2004. Expression and function of brain specific small RNAsRev. Neurosci.15185-198. 93. Rogelj, B., and Giese, K.P. (2004). Expression and function of brain specific small RNAs. Rev. Neurosci. 15, 185–198.
94.
Avnit-Sagi T.Kantorovich L.Kredo-Russo S.Hornstein E.Walker M.D.2009. The promoter of the pri-miR-375 gene directs expression selectively to the endocrine pancreasPLoS One4e5033. 94. Avnit-Sagi, T., Kantorovich, L., Kredo-Russo, S., Hornstein, E., and Walker, M.D. (2009). The promoter of the pri-miR-375 gene directs expression selectively to the endocrine pancreas. PLoS One 4, e5033.
95.
Bartels C.L.Tsongalis G.J.2009. MicroRNAs: novel biomarkers for human cancerClin. Chemm55623-631. 95. Bartels, C.L., and Tsongalis, G.J. (2009). MicroRNAs: novel biomarkers for human cancer. Clin. Chemm 55, 623–631.
96.
Vemuganti R.2010. The MicroRNAs and stroke: No need to be coded to be countedTransl. Stroke Res.1158-160. 96. Vemuganti, R. (2010). The MicroRNAs and stroke: No need to be coded to be counted. Transl. Stroke Res. 1, 158–160.
97.
Dharap A.Nakka V.P.Vemuganti R.2011. Altered expression of PIWI RNA in the rat brain after transient focal ischemiaStroke421105-1109. 97. Dharap, A., Nakka, V.P., and Vemuganti, R. (2011). Altered expression of PIWI RNA in the rat brain after transient focal ischemia. Stroke 42, 1105–1109.
98.
Ye Y.Perez-Polo J.R.Qian J.Birnbaum Y.2011. The role of microRNA in modulating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injuryPhysiol. Genomics43534-542. 98. Ye, Y., Perez-Polo, J.R., Qian, J., and Birnbaum, Y. (2011). The role of microRNA in modulating myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Physiol. Genomics 43, 534–542.
99.
Gilad S.Meiri E.Yogev Y.Benjamin S.Lebanony D.Yerushalmi N.Benjamin H.Kushnir M.Cholakh H.Melamed N.Bentwich Z.Hod M.Goren Y.Chajut A.2008. Serum microRNAs are promising novel biomarkersPLoS One3e3148. 99. Gilad, S., Meiri, E., Yogev, Y., Benjamin, S., Lebanony, D., Yerushalmi, N., Benjamin, H., Kushnir, M., Cholakh, H., Melamed, N., Bentwich, Z., Hod, M., Goren, Y., and Chajut, A. (2008). Serum microRNAs are promising novel biomarkers. PLoS One 3, e3148.
100.
Mitchell P.S.Parkin R.K.Kroh E.M.Fritz B.R.Wyman S.K.Pogosova-Agadjanyan E.L.Peterson A.Noteboom J.O'Briant K.C.Allen A.Lin D.W.Urban N.Drescher C.W.Knudsen B.S.Stirewalt D.L.Gentleman R.Vessella R.L.Nelson P.S.Martin D.B.Tewari M.2008. Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detectionProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.10510513-10518. 100. Mitchell, P.S., Parkin, R.K., Kroh, E.M., Fritz, B.R., Wyman, S.K., Pogosova-Agadjanyan, E.L., Peterson, A., Noteboom, J., O'Briant, K.C., Allen, A., Lin, D.W., Urban, N., Drescher, C.W., Knudsen, B.S., Stirewalt, D.L., Gentleman, R., Vessella, R.L., Nelson, P.S., Martin, D.B., and Tewari, M. (2008). Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105, 10513–10518.
101.
Simpson R.J.Lim J.W.Moritz R.L.Mathivanan S.2009. Exosomes: proteomic insights and diagnostic potentialExpert Rev. Proteomics6267-283. 101. Simpson, R.J., Lim, J.W., Moritz, R.L., and Mathivanan, S. (2009). Exosomes: proteomic insights and diagnostic potential. Expert Rev. Proteomics 6, 267–283.
102.
Valadi H.Ekström K.Bossios A.Sjöstrand M.Lee J.J.Lötvall J.O.2007. Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cellsNat. Cell. Biol9654-659. 102. Valadi, H., Ekström, K., Bossios, A., Sjöstrand, M., Lee, J.J., and Lötvall, J.O. (2007). Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells. Nat. Cell. Biol 9, 654–659.
103.
Kosaka N.Iguchi H.Yoshioka Y.Takeshita F.Matsuki Y.Ochiya T.2010. Secretory mechanisms and intercellular transfer of microRNAs in living cellsJ. Biol. Chem.28517442-17452. 103. Kosaka, N., Iguchi, H., Yoshioka, Y., Takeshita, F., Matsuki, Y., and Ochiya, T. (2010). Secretory mechanisms and intercellular transfer of microRNAs in living cells. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 17442–17452.
104.
Redell J.B.Moore A.N.Ward N.H. IIIHergenroeder G.W.Dash P.K.2010. Human traumatic brain injury alters plasma microRNA levelsJ. Neurotrauma272147-2156. 104. Redell, J.B., Moore, A.N., Ward, N.H., III, Hergenroeder, G.W., and Dash, P.K. (2010). Human traumatic brain injury alters plasma microRNA levels. J. Neurotrauma 27, 2147–2156.
105.
Saatman K.E.Duhaime A.C.Bullock R.Maas A.I.Valadka A.Manley G.T.2008. Classification of traumatic brain injury for targeted therapiesJ. Neurotrauma25719-738. 105. Saatman, K.E., Duhaime, A.C., Bullock, R., Maas, A.I., Valadka, A., and Manley, G.T. (2008). Classification of traumatic brain injury for targeted therapies. J. Neurotrauma 25, 719–738.
106.
Wagner A.K.Bayir H.Ren D.Puccio A.Zafonte R.D.Kochanek P.M.2004. Relationships between cerebrospinal fluid markers of excitotoxicity, ischemia, and oxidative damage after severe TBI: the impact of gender, age, and hypothermiaJ. Neurotrauma21125-136. 106. Wagner, A.K., Bayir, H., Ren, D., Puccio, A., Zafonte, R.D., and Kochanek, P.M. (2004). Relationships between cerebrospinal fluid markers of excitotoxicity, ischemia, and oxidative damage after severe TBI: the impact of gender, age, and hypothermia. J. Neurotrauma 21, 125–136.
107.
Gross H.Kling A.Henry G.Herndon C.Lavretsky H.1996. Local cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with long-term behavioral and cognitive deficits following mild traumatic brain injuryJ. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci.8324-334. 107. Gross, H., Kling, A., Henry, G., Herndon, C., and Lavretsky, H. (1996). Local cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with long-term behavioral and cognitive deficits following mild traumatic brain injury. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 8, 324–334.
108.
Yeo R.A.Gasparovic C.Merideth F.Ruhl D.Doezema D.Mayer A.R.2011. A longitudinal proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of mild traumatic brain injuryJ. Neurotrauma281-11. 108. Yeo, R.A., Gasparovic, C., Merideth, F., Ruhl, D., Doezema, D., and Mayer, A.R. (2011). A longitudinal proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of mild traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 28, 1–11.
109.
Jeter C.B.Hergenroeder G.W.Ward N.H. 3rdMoore A.N.Dash P.K.2012. Human traumatic brain injury alters circulating l-arginine and its metabolite levels: possible link to cerebral blood flow, extracellular matrix remodeling, and energy statusJ. Neurotrauma29119-127. 109. Jeter, C.B., Hergenroeder, G.W., Ward, N.H., 3rd, Moore, A.N., and Dash, P.K. (2012). Human traumatic brain injury alters circulating l-arginine and its metabolite levels: possible link to cerebral blood flow, extracellular matrix remodeling, and energy status. J. Neurotrauma 29,119–127.
110.
De Stefano N.Narayanan S.Francis G.S.Arnaoutelis R.Tartaglia M.C.Antel J.P.Matthews P.M.Arnold D.L.2001. Evidence of axonal damage in the early stages of multiple sclerosis and its relevance to disabilityArch. Neurol.5865-70. 110. De Stefano, N., Narayanan, S., Francis, G.S., Arnaoutelis, R., Tartaglia, M.C., Antel, J.P., Matthews, P.M., and Arnold, D.L. (2001). Evidence of axonal damage in the early stages of multiple sclerosis and its relevance to disability. Arch. Neurol. 58, 65–70.
111.
Kalra S.Arnold D.L.Cashman N.R.1999. Biological markers in the diagnosis and treatment of ALSJ. Neurol. Sci.165Suppl 1S27-S32. 111. Kalra, S., Arnold, D.L., and Cashman, N.R. (1999). Biological markers in the diagnosis and treatment of ALS. J. Neurol. Sci. 165 Suppl 1, S27–S32.
112.
Schuff N.Meyerhoff D.J.Mueller S.Chao L.Sacrey D.T.Laxer K.Weiner M.W.2006. N-acetylaspartate as a marker of neuronal injury in neurodegenerative diseaseAdv. Exp. Med. Biol.576241-263. 112. Schuff, N., Meyerhoff, D.J., Mueller, S., Chao, L., Sacrey, D.T., Laxer, K., and Weiner, M.W. (2006). N-acetylaspartate as a marker of neuronal injury in neurodegenerative disease. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 576, 241–263.
113.
Cohen B.A.Inglese M.Rusinek H.Babb J.S.Grossman R.I.Gonen O.2007. Proton MR spectroscopy and MRI-volumetry in mild traumatic brain injuryAJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.28907-913. 113. Cohen, B.A., Inglese, M., Rusinek, H., Babb, J.S., Grossman, R.I., and Gonen, O. (2007). Proton MR spectroscopy and MRI-volumetry in mild traumatic brain injury. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 28, 907–913.
114.
Vagnozzi R.Signoretti S.Cristofori L.Alessandrini F.Floris R.Isgro E.Ria A.Marziale S.Zoccatelli G.Tavazzi B.Del Bolgia F.Sorge R.Broglio S.P.McIntosh T.K.Lazzarino G.2010. Assessment of metabolic brain damage and recovery following mild traumatic brain injury: a multicentre, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic study in concussed patientsBrain1333232-3242. 114. Vagnozzi, R., Signoretti, S., Cristofori, L., Alessandrini, F., Floris, R., Isgro, E., Ria, A., Marziale, S., Zoccatelli, G., Tavazzi, B., Del Bolgia, F., Sorge, R., Broglio, S.P., McIntosh, T.K., and Lazzarino, G. (2010). Assessment of metabolic brain damage and recovery following mild traumatic brain injury: a multicentre, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic study in concussed patients. Brain 133, 3232–3242.
115.
Pham N.Fazio V.Cucullo L.Teng Q.Biberthaler P.Bazarian J.J.Janigro D.2010. Extracranial sources of S100B do not affect serum levelsPLoS One5. 115. Pham, N., Fazio, V., Cucullo, L., Teng, Q., Biberthaler, P., Bazarian, J.J., and Janigro, D. (2010). Extracranial sources of S100B do not affect serum levels. PLoS One 5.
116.
da Rocha A.B.Schneider R.F.de Freitas G.R.Andre C.Grivicich I.Zanoni C.Fossa A.Gehrke J.T.Pereira Jotz G.Kaufmann M.Simon D.Regner A.2006. Role of serum S100B as a predictive marker of fatal outcome following isolated severe head injury or multitrauma in malesClin. Chem. Lab. Med.441234-1242. 116. da Rocha, A.B., Schneider, R.F., de Freitas, G.R., Andre, C., Grivicich, I., Zanoni, C., Fossa, A., Gehrke, J.T., Pereira Jotz, G., Kaufmann, M., Simon, D., and Regner, A. (2006). Role of serum S100B as a predictive marker of fatal outcome following isolated severe head injury or multitrauma in males. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 44, 1234–1242.
117.
Freund Y.Schapire R.E.1997. A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boostingJ. Comput. Syst. Sci.55119-139. 117. Freund, Y., Schapire, R.E. (1997). A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting. J. Comput. Syst. Sci. 55, 119–139.
118.
Schapire R.E.1990. The strength of weak learnabilityMachine Learning5197-227. 118. Schapire, R.E. (1990). The strength of weak learnability. Machine Learning 5, 197–227.
119.
Vos P.E.Jacobs B.Andriessen T.M.Lamers K.J.Borm G.F.Beems T.Edwards M.Rosmalen C.F.Vissers J.L.2010. GFAP and S100B are biomarkers of traumatic brain injury: an observational cohort studyNeurology751786-1793. 119. Vos, P.E., Jacobs, B., Andriessen, T.M., Lamers, K.J., Borm, G.F., Beems, T., Edwards, M., Rosmalen, C.F., and Vissers, J.L. (2010). GFAP and S100B are biomarkers of traumatic brain injury: an observational cohort study. Neurology 75, 1786–1793.
120.
Lo T.Y.Jones P.A.Minns R.A.2010. Combining coma score and serum biomarker levels to predict unfavorable outcome following childhood brain traumaJ. Neurotrauma272139-2145. 120. Lo, T.Y., Jones, P.A., and Minns, R.A. (2010). Combining coma score and serum biomarker levels to predict unfavorable outcome following childhood brain trauma. J. Neurotrauma 27, 2139–2145.
121.
Topolovec-Vranic J.Pollmann-Mudryj M.A.Ouchterlony D.Klein D.Spence J.Romaschin A.Rhind S.Tien H.C.Baker A.J.2011. The value of serum biomarkers in prediction models of outcome after mild traumatic brain injuryJ. Trauma71Suppl 1S478-S486. 121. Topolovec-Vranic, J., Pollmann-Mudryj, M.A., Ouchterlony, D., Klein, D., Spence, J., Romaschin, A., Rhind, S., Tien, H.C., and Baker, A.J. (2011). The value of serum biomarkers in prediction models of outcome after mild traumatic brain injury. J. Trauma 71, Suppl 1, S478–S486.
122.
Ruff R.M.Iverson G.L.Barth J.T.Bush S.S.Broshek D.K.2009. Recommendations for diagnosing a mild traumatic brain injury: a National Academy of Neuropsychology education paperArch. Clin. Neuropsychol.243-10. 122. Ruff, R.M., Iverson, G.L., Barth, J.T., Bush, S.S., and Broshek, D.K. (2009). Recommendations for diagnosing a mild traumatic brain injury: a National Academy of Neuropsychology education paper. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 24, 3–10.
123.
Practice parameter: the management of concussion in sports (summary statement). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee1997Neurology48581-585. 123. Practice parameter: the management of concussion in sports (summary statement). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee. (1997). Neurology 48, 581–585.
124.
Aubry M.Cantu R.Dvorak J.Graf-Baumann T.Johnston K.Kelly J.Lovell M.McCrory P.Meeuwisse W.Schamasch P.2002. Summary and agreement statement of the First International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001. Recommendations for the improvement of safety and health of athletes who may suffer concussive injuriesBr. J. Sports Med.366-10. 124. Aubry, M., Cantu, R., Dvorak, J., Graf-Baumann, T., Johnston, K., Kelly, J., Lovell, M., McCrory, P., Meeuwisse, W., and Schamasch, P. (2002). Summary and agreement statement of the First International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001. Recommendations for the improvement of safety and health of athletes who may suffer concussive injuries. Br. J. Sports Med. 36, 6–10.
125.
Davis G.A.Iverson G.L.Guskiewicz K.M.Ptito A.Johnston K.M.2009. Contributions of neuroimaging, balance testing, electrophysiology and blood markers to the assessment of sport-related concussionBr. J. Sports Med.43Suppl 1i36-i45. 125. Davis, G.A., Iverson, G.L., Guskiewicz, K.M., Ptito, A., and Johnston, K.M. (2009). Contributions of neuroimaging, balance testing, electrophysiology and blood markers to the assessment of sport-related concussion. Br. J. Sports Med. 43, Suppl 1, i36–i45.
126.
Thurman D.J.Branche C.M.Sniezek J.E.1998. The epidemiology of sports-related traumatic brain injuries in the United States: recent developmentsJ. Head Trauma Rehabil.131-8. 126. Thurman, D.J., Branche, C.M., and Sniezek, J.E. (1998). The epidemiology of sports-related traumatic brain injuries in the United States: recent developments. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 13, 1–8.
127.
Collins M.W.Iverson G.L.Lovell M.R.McKeag D.B.Norwig J.Maroon J.2003. On-field predictors of neuropsychological and symptom deficit following sports-related concussionClin. J. Sport Med.13222-229. 127. Collins, M.W., Iverson, G.L., Lovell, M.R., McKeag, D.B., Norwig, J., and Maroon, J. (2003). On-field predictors of neuropsychological and symptom deficit following sports-related concussion. Clin. J. Sport Med. 13, 222–229.
128.
Schulz M.R.Marshall S.W.Mueller F.O.Yang J.Weaver N.L.Kalsbeek W.D.Bowling J.M.2004. Incidence and risk factors for concussion in high school athletes, North Carolina, 1996–1999Am. J. Epidemiol.160937-944. 128. Schulz, M.R., Marshall, S.W., Mueller, F.O., Yang, J., Weaver, N.L., Kalsbeek, W.D., and Bowling, J.M. (2004). Incidence and risk factors for concussion in high school athletes, North Carolina, 1996–1999. Am. J. Epidemiol. 160, 937–944.
129.
Cubon V.A.Putukian M.Boyer C.Dettwiler A.2011. A diffusion tensor imaging study on the white matter skeleton in individuals with sports-related concussionJ. Neurotrauma28189-201. 129. Cubon, V.A., Putukian, M., Boyer, C., Dettwiler, A. (2011). A diffusion tensor imaging study on the white matter skeleton in individuals with sports-related concussion. J. Neurotrauma 28, 189–201.
130.
Ruff R.M.2011. Mild traumatic brain injury and neural recovery: rethinking the debateNeuroRehabilitation28167-180. 130. Ruff, R.M. (2011). Mild traumatic brain injury and neural recovery: rethinking the debate. NeuroRehabilitation 28, 167–180.
131.
Heitger M.H.Jones R.D.Macleod A.D.Snell D.L.Frampton C.M.Anderson T.J.2009. Impaired eye movements in post-concussion syndrome indicate suboptimal brain function beyond the influence of depression, malingering or intellectual abilityBrain1322850-2870. 131. Heitger, M.H., Jones, R.D., Macleod, A.D., Snell, D.L., Frampton, C.M., and Anderson, T.J. (2009). Impaired eye movements in post-concussion syndrome indicate suboptimal brain function beyond the influence of depression, malingering or intellectual ability. Brain 132, 2850–2870.
132.
Messe A.Caplain S.Paradot G.Garrigue D.Mineo J.F.Soto Ares G.Ducreux D.Vignaud F.Rozec G.Desal H.Pelegrini-Issac M.Montreuil M.Benali H.Lehericy S.2011. Diffusion tensor imaging and white matter lesions at the subacute stage in mild traumatic brain injury with persistent neurobehavioral impairmentHum. Brain Mapp.32999-1011. 132. Messe, A., Caplain, S., Paradot, G., Garrigue, D., Mineo, J.F., Soto Ares, G., Ducreux, D., Vignaud, F., Rozec, G., Desal, H., Pelegrini-Issac, M., Montreuil, M., Benali, H., and Lehericy, S. (2011). Diffusion tensor imaging and white matter lesions at the subacute stage in mild traumatic brain injury with persistent neurobehavioral impairment. Hum. Brain Mapp. 32, 999–1011.
133.
Stalnacke B.M.Björnstig U.Karlsson K.Sojka P.2005. One-year follow-up of mild traumatic brain injury: post-concussion symptoms, disabilities and life satisfaction in relation to serum levels of S-100B and neurone-specific enolase in acute phaseJ. Rehabil. Med.37300-305. 133. Stalnacke, B.M., Björnstig, U., Karlsson, K., and Sojka, P. (2005). One-year follow-up of mild traumatic brain injury: post-concussion symptoms, disabilities and life satisfaction in relation to serum levels of S-100B and neurone-specific enolase in acute phase. J. Rehabil. Med. 37, 300–305.
134.
Lima D.P.Simao Filho C.Abib Sde C.de Figueiredo L.F.2008. Quality of life and neuropsychological changes in mild head trauma. Late analysis and correlation with S100B protein and cranial CT scan performed at hospital admissionInjury39604-611. 134. Lima, D.P., Simao Filho, C., Abib Sde, C., and de Figueiredo, L.F. (2008). Quality of life and neuropsychological changes in mild head trauma. Late analysis and correlation with S100B protein and cranial CT scan performed at hospital admission. Injury 39, 604–611.
135.
Begaz T.Kyriacou D.N.Segal J.Bazarian J.J.2006. Serum biochemical markers for post-concussion syndrome in patients with mild traumatic brain injuryJ. Neurotrauma231201-1210. 135. Begaz, T., Kyriacou, D.N., Segal, J., and Bazarian, J.J. (2006). Serum biochemical markers for post-concussion syndrome in patients with mild traumatic brain injury. J. Neurotrauma 23, 1201–1210.
136.
Guskiewicz K.M.Marshall S.W.Broglio S.P.Cantu R.C.Kirkendall D.T.2002. No evidence of impaired neurocognitive performance in collegiate soccer playersAm. J. Sports Med.30157-162. 136. Guskiewicz, K.M., Marshall, S.W., Broglio, S.P., Cantu, R.C., and Kirkendall, D.T. (2002). No evidence of impaired neurocognitive performance in collegiate soccer players. Am. J. Sports Med. 30, 157–162.
137.
Macciocchi S.N.Barth J.T.Littlefield L.Cantu R.C.2001. Multiple concussions and neuropsychological functioning in collegiate football playersJ. Athl. Train.36303-306. 137. Macciocchi, S.N., Barth, J.T., Littlefield, L., and Cantu, R.C. (2001). Multiple concussions and neuropsychological functioning in collegiate football players. J. Athl. Train. 36, 303–306.
138.
Guskiewicz K.M.Weaver N.L.Padua D.A.Garrett W.E. Jr.2000. Epidemiology of concussion in collegiate and high school football playersAm. J. Sports Med.28643-650. 138. Guskiewicz, K.M., Weaver, N.L., Padua, D.A., and Garrett, W.E., Jr. (2000). Epidemiology of concussion in collegiate and high school football players. Am. J. Sports Med. 28, 643–650.
139.
Guskiewicz K.M.McCrea M.Marshall S.W.Cantu R.C.Randolph C.Barr W.Onate J.A.Kelly J.P.2003. Cumulative effects associated with recurrent concussion in collegiate football players: the NCAA Concussion StudyJAMA2902549-2555. 139. Guskiewicz, K.M., McCrea, M., Marshall, S.W., Cantu, R.C., Randolph, C., Barr, W., Onate, J.A., and Kelly, J.P. (2003). Cumulative effects associated with recurrent concussion in collegiate football players: the NCAA Concussion Study. JAMA 290, 2549–2555.
140.
Field M.Collins M.W.Lovell M.R.Maroon J.2003. Does age play a role in recovery from sports-related concussion? A comparison of high school and collegiate athletesJ. Pediatr.142546-553. 140. Field, M., Collins, M.W., Lovell, M.R., and Maroon, J. (2003). Does age play a role in recovery from sports-related concussion? A comparison of high school and collegiate athletes. J. Pediatr. 142, 546–553.
141.
Purcell L.2009. What are the most appropriate return-to-play guidelines for concussed child athletes? BrJ. Sports Med.43Suppl 1i51-i55. 141. Purcell, L. (2009). What are the most appropriate return-to-play guidelines for concussed child athletes? Br. J. Sports Med. 43, Suppl 1, i51–i55.
142.
Doolan A.W.Day D.D.Maerlender A.C.Goforth M.Gunnar Brolinson P.2012. A review of return to play issues and sports-related concussionAnn. Biomed. Eng.40106-113. 142. Doolan, A.W., Day, D.D., Maerlender, A.C., Goforth, M., and Gunnar Brolinson, P. (2012). A review of return to play issues and sports-related concussion. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 40, 106–113.
143.
Cantu R.C.2009. When to disqualify an athlete after a concussionCurr. Sports Med. Rep.86-7. 143. Cantu, R.C. (2009). When to disqualify an athlete after a concussion. Curr. Sports Med. Rep. 8, 6–7.
144.
Cobb S.Battin B.2004. Second-impact syndromeJ. Sch. Nurs.20262-267. 144. Cobb, S., Battin, B. (2004). Second-impact syndrome. J. Sch. Nurs. 20, 262–267.
145.
Thomas M.Haas T.S.Doerer J.J.Hodges J.S.Aicher B.O.Garberich R.F.Mueller F.O.Cantu R.C.Maron B.J.2011. Epidemiology of sudden death in young, competitive athletes due to blunt traumaPediatrics128e1-e8. 145. Thomas, M., Haas, T.S., Doerer, J.J., Hodges, J.S., Aicher, B.O., Garberich, R.F., Mueller, F.O., Cantu, R.C., and Maron, B.J. (2011). Epidemiology of sudden death in young, competitive athletes due to blunt trauma. Pediatrics 128, e1–e8.
146.
Collins M.W.Lovell M.R.Iverson G.L.Cantu R.C.Maroon J.C.Field M.2002. Cumulative effects of concussion in high school athletesNeurosurgery511175-1181. 146. Collins, M.W., Lovell, M.R., Iverson, G.L., Cantu, R.C., Maroon, J.C., and Field, M. (2002). Cumulative effects of concussion in high school athletes. Neurosurgery 51, 1175–1181.
147.
Corsellis J.A.Bruton C.J.Freeman-Browne D.1973. The aftermath of boxingPsychol. Med.3270-303. 147. Corsellis, J.A., Bruton, C.J., and Freeman-Browne, D. (1973). The aftermath of boxing. Psychol. Med. 3, 270–303.
148.
McKee A.C.Kosik K.S.Kowall N.W.1991. Neuritic pathology and dementia in Alzheimer's diseaseAnn. Neurol.30156-165. 148. McKee, A.C., Kosik, K.S., and Kowall, N.W. (1991). Neuritic pathology and dementia in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Neurol. 30, 156–165.
149.
Barkhoudarian G.Hovda D.A.Giza C.C.2011. The molecular pathophysiology of concussive brain injuryClin. Sports Med.3033-48. 149. Barkhoudarian, G., Hovda, D.A., and Giza, C.C. (2011). The molecular pathophysiology of concussive brain injury. Clin. Sports Med. 30, 33–48.
150.
Giza C.C.Hovda D.A.2001. The neurometabolic cascade of concussionJ. Athl. Train.36228-235. 150. Giza, C.C., and Hovda, D.A. (2001). The neurometabolic cascade of concussion. J. Athl. Train. 36, 228–235.
151.
Moffett J.R.Ross B.Arun P.Madhavarao C.N.Namboodiri A.M.2007. N-Acetylaspartate in the CNS: from neurodiagnostics to neurobiologyProg. Neurobiol.8189-131. 151. Moffett, J.R., Ross, B., Arun, P., Madhavarao, C.N., and Namboodiri, A.M. (2007). N-Acetylaspartate in the CNS: from neurodiagnostics to neurobiology. Prog. Neurobiol. 81, 89–131.
152.
Brooks W.M.Friedman S.D.Gasparovic C.2001. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in traumatic brain injuryJ. Head Trauma Rehabil.16149-164. 152. Brooks, W.M., Friedman, S.D., and Gasparovic, C. (2001). Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in traumatic brain injury. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 16, 149–164.
153.
Vagnozzi R.Signoretti S.Tavazzi B.Floris R.Ludovici A.Marziali S.Tarascio G.Amorini A.M.Di Pietro V.Delfini R.Lazzarino G.2008. Temporal window of metabolic brain vulnerability to concussion: a pilot 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopic study in concussed athletes—part IIINeurosurgery621286-1296. 153. Vagnozzi, R., Signoretti, S., Tavazzi, B., Floris, R., Ludovici, A., Marziali, S., Tarascio, G., Amorini, A.M., Di Pietro, V., Delfini, R., and Lazzarino, G. (2008). Temporal window of metabolic brain vulnerability to concussion: a pilot 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopic study in concussed athletes—part III. Neurosurgery 62, 1286–1296.
154.
True W.R.Rice J.Eisen S.A.Heath A.C.Goldberg J.Lyons M.J.Nowak J.1993. A twin study of genetic and environmental contributions to liability for posttraumatic stress symptomsArch. Gen. Psychiatry50257-264. 154. True, W.R., Rice, J., Eisen, S.A., Heath, A.C., Goldberg, J., Lyons, M.J., and Nowak, J. (1993). A twin study of genetic and environmental contributions to liability for posttraumatic stress symptoms. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 50, 257–264.
155.
Xian H.Chantarujikapong S.I.Scherrer J.F.Eisen S.A.Lyons M.J.Goldberg J.Tsuang M.True W.R.2000. Genetic and environmental influences on posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol and drug dependence in twin pairsDrug Alcohol Depend.6195-102. 155. Xian, H., Chantarujikapong, S.I., Scherrer, J.F., Eisen, S.A., Lyons, M.J., Goldberg, J., Tsuang, M., and True, W.R. (2000). Genetic and environmental influences on posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol and drug dependence in twin pairs. Drug Alcohol Depend. 61, 95–102.
156.
Gilbertson M.W.Shenton M.E.Ciszewski A.Kasai K.Lasko N.B.Orr S.P.Pitman R.K.2002. Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological traumaNat. Neurosci.51242-1247. 156. Gilbertson, M.W., Shenton, M.E., Ciszewski, A., Kasai, K., Lasko, N.B., Orr, S.P., and Pitman, R.K. (2002). Smaller hippocampal volume predicts pathologic vulnerability to psychological trauma. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 1242–1247.
157.
Kasai K.Yamasue H.Gilbertson M.W.Shenton M.E.Rauch S.L.Pitman R.K.2008. Evidence for acquired pregenual anterior cingulate gray matter loss from a twin study of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorderBiol. Psychiatry63550-556. 157. Kasai, K., Yamasue, H., Gilbertson, M.W., Shenton, M.E., Rauch, S.L., and Pitman, R.K. (2008). Evidence for acquired pregenual anterior cingulate gray matter loss from a twin study of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol. Psychiatry 63, 550–556.
158.
Wichers M.Kenis G.Jacobs N.Mengelers R.Derom C.Vlietinck R.van Os J.2008. The BDNF Val(66)Met x 5-HTTLPR x child adversity interaction and depressive symptoms: An attempt at replicationAm. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet.147B120-123. 158. Wichers, M., Kenis, G., Jacobs, N., Mengelers, R., Derom, C., Vlietinck, R., van Os, J. (2008). The BDNF Val(66)Met x 5-HTTLPR x child adversity interaction and depressive symptoms: An attempt at replication. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 147B, 120–123.
159.
Nelson E.C.Agrawal A.Pergadia M.L.Lynskey M.T.Todorov A.A.Wang J.C.Todd R.D.Martin N.G.Heath A.C.Goate A.M.Montgomery G.W.Madden P.A.2009. Association of childhood trauma exposure and GABRA2 polymorphisms with risk of posttraumatic stress disorder in adultsMol. Psychiatry14234-235. 159. Nelson, E.C., Agrawal, A., Pergadia, M.L., Lynskey, M.T., Todorov, A.A., Wang, J.C., Todd, R.D., Martin, N.G., Heath, A.C., Goate, A.M., Montgomery, G.W., and Madden, P.A. (2009). Association of childhood trauma exposure and GABRA2 polymorphisms with risk of posttraumatic stress disorder in adults. Mol. Psychiatry 14, 234–235.
160.
Jordan B.D.2000. Chronic traumatic brain injury associated with boxingSemin. Neurol.20179-185. 160. Jordan, B.D. (2000). Chronic traumatic brain injury associated with boxing. Semin. Neurol. 20, 179–185.
161.
Jordan B.D.Relkin N.R.Ravdin L.D.Jacobs A.R.Bennett A.Gandy S.1997. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 associated with chronic traumatic brain injury in boxingJAMA278136-140. 161. Jordan, B.D., Relkin, N.R., Ravdin, L.D., Jacobs, A.R., Bennett, A., and Gandy, S. (1997). Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 associated with chronic traumatic brain injury in boxing. JAMA 278, 136–140.
162.
Nicoll J.A.Roberts G.W.Graham D.I.1995. Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele is associated with deposition of amyloid beta-protein following head injuryNat. Med.1135-137. 162. Nicoll, J.A., Roberts, G.W., and Graham, D.I. (1995). Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele is associated with deposition of amyloid beta-protein following head injury. Nat. Med. 1, 135–137.
163.
Crawford F.C.Vanderploeg R.D.Freeman M.J.Singh S.Waisman M.Michaels L.Abdullah L.Warden D.Lipsky R.Salazar A.Mullan M.J.2002. APOE genotype influences acquisition and recall following traumatic brain injuryNeurology581115-1118. 163. Crawford, F.C., Vanderploeg, R.D., Freeman, M.J., Singh, S., Waisman, M., Michaels, L., Abdullah, L., Warden, D., Lipsky, R., Salazar, A., and Mullan, M.J. (2002). APOE genotype influences acquisition and recall following traumatic brain injury. Neurology 58, 1115–1118.
164.
Hellman A.Chess A.2007. Gene body-specific methylation on the active X chromosomeScience3151141-1143. 164. Hellman, A., and Chess, A. (2007). Gene body-specific methylation on the active X chromosome. Science 315, 1141–1143.
165.
Chi P.Allis C.D.Wang G.G.2010. Covalent histone modifications—miswritten, misinterpreted and mis-erased in human cancersNat. Rev. Cancer10457-469. 165. Chi, P., Allis, C.D., and Wang, G.G. (2010). Covalent histone modifications—miswritten, misinterpreted and mis-erased in human cancers. Nat. Rev. Cancer 10, 457–469.
166.
Dash P.K.Orsi S.A.Moore A.N.2009. Histone deactylase inhibition combined with behavioral therapy enhances learning and memory following traumatic brain injuryNeuroscience1631-8. 166. Dash, P.K., Orsi, S.A., and Moore, A.N. (2009). Histone deactylase inhibition combined with behavioral therapy enhances learning and memory following traumatic brain injury. Neuroscience 163, 1–8.
167.
McGowan P.O.Suderman M.Sasaki A.Huang T.C.Hallett M.Meaney M.J.Szyf M.2011. Broad epigenetic signature of maternal care in the brain of adult ratsPLoS One6e14739. 167. McGowan, P.O., Suderman, M., Sasaki, A., Huang, T.C., Hallett, M., Meaney, M.J., and Szyf, M. (2011). Broad epigenetic signature of maternal care in the brain of adult rats. PLoS One 6, e14739.
168.
Rakofsky J.J.Ressler K.J.Dunlop B.W.2012. BDNF function as a potential mediator of bipolar disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbidityMol. Psychiatry1722-35. 168. Rakofsky, J.J., Ressler, K.J., and Dunlop, B.W. (2012). BDNF function as a potential mediator of bipolar disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder comorbidity. Mol. Psychiatry 17, 22–35.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

cover image Journal of Neurotrauma
Journal of Neurotrauma
Volume 30Issue Number 8April 15, 2013
Pages: 657 - 670
PubMed: 23062081

History

Published online: 26 April 2013
Published in print: April 15, 2013
Published ahead of production: 12 October 2012

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Topics

Authors

Affiliations

Cameron B. Jeter
Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, Texas.
Georgene W. Hergenroeder
The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas.
Michael J. Hylin
Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas.
John B. Redell
Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas.
Anthony N. Moore
Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas.
Pramod K. Dash
Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas.

Notes

Address correspondence to:Pramod K. Dash, PhDDepartment of Neurobiology and AnatomyThe University of Texas Medical School at HoustonPO Box 20708Houston, TX 77225E-mail: [email protected]

Author Disclosure Statement

No competing financial interests exist.

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Export citation

Select the format you want to export the citations of this publication.

View Options

Get Access

Access content

To read the fulltext, please use one of the options below to sign in or purchase access.

Society Access

If you are a member of a society that has access to this content please log in via your society website and then return to this publication.

Restore your content access

Enter your email address to restore your content access:

Note: This functionality works only for purchases done as a guest. If you already have an account, log in to access the content to which you are entitled.

View options

PDF/EPUB

View PDF/ePub

Full Text

View Full Text

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share on social media

Back to Top